Mendel Genetics Using Brassica Rapa Research Paper

Mendel Genetics Using Brassica Rapa - Research Paper Example Through the test, the speculation that the nearness of purple shade is predominant and the attribute adheres to Mendelian laws will be tried. Through examination of the exploratory information gathered uncovering the strength of the purple stem attribute and a writing audit of subjective and quantitative information, the outcome will be broke down to decide whether the guessed forecast that the phenotypical proportion of 3:1 is set up, as per the Mendelian laws. ... Materials and Method To lead this investigation, heterozygous P Brassica rapa seeds were planted on the very beginning and developed in 28 by 55 centimeter plastic pots in a fake soil compound of an equivalent blend of peat greenery and vermiculite and watered with refined water on ordinary spans (6). The plants were developed at a controlled temperature of 32?C under standard enlightenment from fluorescent lights (7). The seeds, fertilized soil, and grower were the materials utilized for this segment of the trial. The genotype of the parent plants utilized was F1, Non-Purple Stem, and Hairless. One parental plant was genuine reproducing and green and the other parental plant was genuine rearing and purple. When the seedlings started to grow on the fourth or fifth day, the quantities of purple and green stem phenotype was recorded. The plants started to bloom between days nine and eleven and were cross pollinated on day fourteen. Seed pods started to show up on day twenty-one, so, al l things considered they will be gathered and developed in a similar way as the parent plants. The quantity of purple and green stem phenotypes will be considered as a part of the F1 age to learn whether they follow the Mandelian standards. The seeds will show up over the ground and will be gathered, assigned, and tallied by the quantity of all out seeds that sprout and the stem shade of the seeds that develop. Results Figure 1 Section 001 Table # 1 # Germinated Seeds Purple Phenotypes Green Phenotypes 1 63 51 10 2 99 78 5 3 90 74 5 4 80 56 16 5 74 58 3 6 39 25 10 Total 445 342 49 Figure 2 Section 002 Table # 2 # Germinated Seeds Purple Phenotypes Green Phenotypes 1 172 140 28 2

How to Write a Thesis Paper

How to Write a Thesis PaperMost students that are in college will probably find that they need to write a thesis paper, or write a thesis for that matter. It's an important thing to do as it will give you a great academic boost. A thesis is basically a summary of your entire college experience in a way that is easy to understand. It also gives the reader an idea of how good you are at thinking on your feet.In college you'll be writing several papers for various reasons, such as you'll be studying abroad, want to do a master's, or want to do a thesis on an entire report, etc. However, as you get older, the more of a hard time you'll have written a thesis, as you can become much less creative with your thoughts and will be too rigid with what you believe.However, with this being said, you should still continue to write your own thoughts, since the ultimate goal is to read them for yourself. Writing a thesis paper will help you to be able to write better and get better grades.There are many different ways to go about writing a thesis. One popular way is to have each section come from one idea, and then connect them together. So for example, your first paragraph might be about traveling around the world, and then your last paragraph may be about your work as a student.While this may seem like very different things, it actually has its similarities. You might go on a trip to the country of your childhood, where you grew up and meet some of your family and friends. This might include seeing some of your favorite places, such as a park, a zoo, or something similar.Then in your third paragraph, you might have a short description of that trip. When you go back and read your thesis after that, you'll realize that it comes from many different places, and is actually a summary of your entire experience.What you need to remember is that everything you write in your essay is not a paragraph of your life. Each paragraph is an introduction that connects the different ideas tog ether.What you should do when you are writing a thesis is looking at it as you would any other type of essay, and make sure that you are connecting the different things that you have written together into one. Make sure that you are connecting one idea to another idea in the same way that you would do in a chapter.

Essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Expositions - Essay Example He is capable in reality, as Aristotle guaranteed, to show that â€Å"causes were dynamic substances that could be found through coherent deduction† (Blair Bolles, 1997: p88). Crito reprimands himself for not accomplishing more to spare his companion, however he is inspired more by what others will think since he has not gone through enough cash to guard his companion. His interests to Socrates are emotive, and recommend that Socrates ought to think about his own life as more prominent than reason and rationale. Socrates losing his youngsters and his appearing weakness are brought by Crito up in this endeavor at influence, while the chance of leaving, encouraged by Crito’s associations, is featured to entice Socrates. All through, the intensity of the larger part to do hurt is accentuated, and Crito anticipates that Socrates should be extremely mindful of their control over his own life. As his initial point against this influence, Socrates presents the dispute that the assessments of the larger part in the general public are at any rate auxiliary to the assessments of the sensible. Notwithstanding Crito’s guarantee that the lion's share should be thought of, since it has most control over the life of Socrates at that point, Socrates keeps on accepting that the estimation of a contemplated and consistent choice is more noteworthy than the estimation of a famously held assessment. He fights that the lion's share can't generally hold influence as great sense isn't controlled by the quantity of the individuals following a specific perspective but instead by the estimation of the reasoning itself: it should be contemplated and coherent. Socrates at that point builds up this line of thinking to contend that it is substantial to perceive that a few assessments have more worth than others. Assessments which favor the great are better than those that favor the terrible. At the point when shrewd individuals have conclusions, they are essentially acceptable †silly individuals will along these lines have assessments preferring the awful. He at that point utilizes a similarity to reinforce this rationale. The

How Animals Interact in an Ecosystem

Animals interact with each other in numerous, complex ways. However, we can make some general statements about these interactions. This enables us to better understand the role that species play within their ecosystems and how individual species can positively or negatively affect the species around them. Of the various types of interactions between species, most involve resources and consumers. A resource, in ecological terms, is something (such as food, water, habitat, sunlight, or prey) that is required by an organism to perform a vital function such as growth or reproduction. A consumer is an organism that consumes a resource (such as predators, herbivores, or detritivores). Most interactions between animals involve one or more competitor species vying for a resource. Species interactions can be categorized into four basic groups based on how the participating species are affected by the interaction. They include competitive interactions, consumer-resource interactions, detritivore-detritus interactions, and mutualistic interactions. Competitive Interactions Competitive interactions are interactions involving two or more species that are vying for the same resource. In these interactions, both of the species involved are negatively  affected. Competitive interactions are in many cases indirect, such as when two species both consume the same resource but do not  directly interact with each other. Instead, they affect each other by  reducing the availability of the resource. An example of this type of interaction might be seen between lions and hyenas. Since both species feed on the same prey, they negatively affect each other by reducing the amount of that prey. One species may have trouble hunting in an area where the other is already present. Consumer-resource Interactions Consumer-resource interactions are interactions in which individuals from one species consume individuals from another species. Examples of consumer-resource interactions include predator-prey interactions and herbivore-plant interactions. These consumer-resource interactions affect the species involved in different ways. Usually, this type of interaction has a positive impact on the consumer species and a negative impact on the resource species. An example of a consumer-resource interaction would be a lion eating a zebra, or a zebra feeding on grass. In the first example, the zebra is the resource, while in the second example it is the consumer. Detritivore-detritus Interactions Detritivore-detritus interactions involve a species that consumes the detritus (dead or decomposing organic matter) of another species. The detritivore-detritus interaction is a positive interaction for the consumer species. It has no impact on the resource species since it is already dead. Detritivores include small creatures such as millipedes, slugs, woodlice, and sea cucumbers. By cleaning up decomposing plant and animal matter, they play an important role in maintaining the health of ecosystems. Mutualistic Interactions Mutualistic interactions are interactions in which both species--resource and consumer--benefit from the interaction. An example of this is the relationship between plants and pollinators. Nearly three-quarters of flowering plants rely on animals to help them pollinate. In exchange for this service, animals such as bees and butterflies are rewarded with food in the form of pollen or nectar. The interaction is beneficial for both species, plants, and animals.

The Death Of Usama Bin Laden - 1572 Words

In May of 2011, many Americans saw the death of Usama bin Laden as a catalyst for renewed U.S. patriotism and a hopeful next step towards ending the Salafi Jihadist movement. Why, then, is the world faced with an unprecedented amount of Salafi Jihadist groups who prove to be increasingly more brutal in their attacks (cite)? The counterterrorist strategy of decapitation, or the removal of a group leader via incarceration or assassination, is a tactic whose utility is dependent on historical context, group structure/composition, and general popular support. While the death of Usama bin Laden renewed American patriotism and allowed the U.S. to exact revenge upon the group behind the deaths of 3,000 in the 9/11 attacks, it proved ineffective†¦show more content†¦In his 1996 FATWA, Usama bin Laden placed personal responsibility upon each individual Muslim to unify and fight oppressive forces, particularly the United States. With this FATWA comes the distinction of the â€Å"near † and â€Å"far† enemy, an innovative philosophy utilized by bin Laden and Al Qaeda that illustrates the overarching oppressive nature of the United States to Salafi Jihadist sympathizers. Integrating this ideology into the Salafi Jihadist movement is particularly useful for terrorist organizations, as their fighters—particularly their suicide bombers—are ideologically validated for their actions, and are confident that they will receive a reward in the afterlife should they strike against the enemy. Driven by Usama bin Laden, Al Qaeda grew immensely from 1988-2011, adding on affiliates such as Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) and training militant groups in fatas in Pakistan. The Salafi Jihadist movement and the groups responsible for its mobility have gained international attention (and sympathizers), creating a strong base to work towards the creation of the caliphate. What, then, was the impact of Usama bin Laden’s assassination by U.S. Navy SEALS in 2011 on the SalafiShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of United States1232 Words   |  5 Pagesthe terrorist had given many warnings and that when they’d kill they’d kill Americans in large numbers. And that’s exactly what they did. On February, in 1993, Ramzi Yousef tried to destroy the world trade center with a bomb truck. Leaving 6 people death and about 1000 wounded. A man named Omar Abdel once tried to holland and lincoln tunnels in New York which he and the plotters got arrested after getting caught. In October, 1993, Somali Tribesmen shot down American helicopters killing 18 AmericansRead MoreThe Conflict Of Terrorism During The 9 / 11889 Words   |  4 Pagesin Afghanistan that began in 1979 made many Islamic extremists very mad and wanting revenge on the United States (Jacobson: 31). Usama Bin Laden, the leader of the terrorist group Al Qaeda, began to recruit terrorist from 21 nations around the world to help him attack America. (Jacobson: 36). He sent a declaration in Arabic to a London newspaper that â€Å"called for the death of all Americans anywhere on earth as a duty of all Muslims†. This was a direct sign that he planned to attack our country. In 1993Read MoreAl Qaida History3238 Words   |  13 PagesSUBMISSION: Nov. 23, 201 Introduction On September 11th, 2001, the entire world witnessed the revolutionary terrorist acts of global militant group Al Qaeda, as US commercial airplanes were high jacked and crashed onto American soil leading to the death of thousands of innocent lives, shining a new light onto the face of global terrorism (The 9/11 Commission, 2004). Although this tragedy was recognized and publicized more extensively than others, the idea of Al Qaeda has existed for approximatelyRead MoreOsama Bin Laden: the Fall of a Tyrant9653 Words   |  39 Pagesthose in terrorist leadership positions communicate their agenda to those within their organizations, their affiliates, and to the world at large. Focusing upon Osama bin Laden, how would you compare and contrast his ability to communicate and exert influence upon these various audiences from the years preceding 9/11 until his death? Summary Al Qaeda leaders and affiliates have conducted sophisticated public relations and media campaigns since the mid-1990s. Terrorism analysts believe that these Read MoreWhere were You on 9/11?937 Words   |  4 PagesIn my 4 combat deployments (3 Iraq, 1 Afghanistan) I lost 26 of my closest friends. Now I jump to 2012, Kathy Bigelow the Academy Award winning Director/Producer decided to make a movie seen about the largest game of Where’s Waldo with Osama (Usama) bin Laden. As we all know Osama was the person who was the al-Qaeda figurehead and the person who along with many others members who masterminded the attacks on September 11th, 2001. From everything I saw in the movie and reading the book No Easy DayRead MoreDomestic And International Terroristic Acts1473 Words   |  6 Pagestoday stems from Sunni Islamic extremists, such as Usama Bin Laden and individuals affiliated with his Al-Qaeda organization are the most serious international terrorist threat to U.S. interests today. Since 1996 Al-Qaeda leaders, including Usama Bin Laden, had been harbored in Afghanistan. Al-Qaeda continues to be regarded as a potent and highly capable terrorist network despite recent military setbacks suffered by the Taliban and the apparent death of Al-Qaeda operational commander Moham ed Atef thatRead MoreThe Following Reading Will Contain Background Information923 Words   |  4 Pagesseven people, and injured one hundred and seventy-one†. (BBC, 2015) The third and last of the simultaneous explosions was detonated by Lyndsay in the location of Russel Square. This attack killed the most of the four attacks registering twenty-six deaths and injuring over three hundred and forty people. â€Å"The fourth man, Hussain, having tried to make contact with his fellow bombers, boarded a London bus to Euston and then switched to another bus bound for Marble Arch. Just after 9.45am his bomb explodedRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Terrorism And Terrorism945 Words   |  4 PagesPennsylvania. The attack killed 3,025 citizens. Usama Bin Laden was the prime suspect of these attacks. After the 9/11 attacks, The U.S. formed the Global Coalition against terrorism. (â€Å"Chronology† 11) B.Define the problem of terrorism 1. Terrorism is ongoing and increasing and happens all of the time everywhere in the world. Terrorist attacks are very traumatizing every time they occur because they always cause some sort of damage and most of the time death. a.After a plane related terrorist attackRead MoreIslamic Movement Of Uzbekistan Analysis3388 Words   |  14 Pageslarge amounts of ethnic Uzbeks in Afghanistan. In 2000 the IMU assisted the TB in the take down of Taloqan, Afghanistan. During this time Namangani developed close ties with Usama Bin Laden. The IMU benefited of the relationship, by acquiring more advanced armaments such as sniper rifles and night vision goggles. Usama Bin Laden also provided the IMU with a pair of heavy transport helicopters. Namangani and his fighters then flew back to Tavildara Valley, Tajikistan. From there the IMU launchedRead MoreChina s Significance Of The United States1430 Words   |  6 Pagesautonomous, for most of the internal terrorist attacks. China places blame on a Muslim Uighur ethnic group from Xinjiang, commonly known as the Eastern Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM). ETIM surfaced in the early 2000’s and was said to be funded by Usama bin Laden, along with Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, which ETIM has known ties. This organization also has been linked to other groups such as Al-Qaida and the Taliban, and was known to be trained and receive funding by these groups in Afghanistan.

Abraham Lincoln Speech Ethos Essay - 920 Words

Pathos, Logos, Ethos, and Tone Abraham Lincoln was perhaps one of Americas most influential presidents, because of his ability to abolish slavery. Lincoln’s second inaugural speech was given on March 4th, of 1865. The speech addressed the nation to talk about The Civil War, and reconstruction of the nation, along with the evils of slavery, and the return of the south. Logos, pathos, ethos, and tone were all crucial ingredients in Lincoln’s speech because they helped set the mood of the speech, connect to people from an emotional standpoint, provide credibility, and most importantly, provide logical explanation on why they should support him. There are many examples of pathos in Lincoln’s speech. Pathos is how Lincoln is persuading his†¦show more content†¦Another thing that he did to help is reference God a lot. Perhaps the quote that added the most credibility was, â€Å"The almighty has his own purposes.†. This adds to his credibility because ba ck in the 1800’s, everyone was genuinely religious and most people believed in God. By using God in his speech, he really got his word across to most people, and in the process, made himself sound more credible and smarter. Overall ethos is something that Lincon did not have to touch on as much, but he still used some devices to help him. Lastly, there is logos which Lincon used a lot of. Logos would be how he connects to his listeners/viewers throughout logical means. One of the ways that he does this is by again, bringing up lasting peace in this quote. â€Å"With malice towards none; †¦achieve and cherish a just and a lasting peace†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This is logical and should connect with the people well because war means deaths, money spent, recourses used, possible loss, and family members leaving for war for long periods at a time. This should have been a big factor in helping people support him as president. Another smaller, but still important example is, â€Å"On e eight of the population were colored slaves†¦localized in the southern part of the nation†. This related to people because most of the people already do not support slavery,(which is why Lincon was elected in the first place;Show MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Abraham Lincoln s Gettysburg Address981 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Fourscore and seven years ago†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is the statement in which Abraham Lincoln started â€Å"The Gettysburg Address†.152 years ago, Lincoln delivered this well-known speech in front of an audience who was searching for help during a time of war. Some may believe it was not an inspiration why others will say it was. To some Americans, it might have even brought faith. Just like any other work, this essay was composed of a rhetorical situation and rhetorical devices; which can be broken down into specific factorsRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Gettysburg Address1161 Words   |  5 Pagesdesigned today was the civil war of 1861.During t his war president, Abraham Lincoln was in charge. This war lasted four bloody years, many people died and as a response in 1862, Lincoln gave a motivational speech to his people, to not give up and fight for their freedom. The Gettysburg address was a speech that could be described as a proposal argument to the people and backs it up with Aristotelian rhetoric of logos, pathos, and ethos to convince the audience that all the soldiers deaths shouldRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1230 Words   |  5 Pages Rhetorical Analysis Essay on Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I have a dream† speech Professor Hailemarkos Worke ENGL 102 Sefra Belay September 29, 2017 Rhetorical Analysis Essay In Washington DC, on August 28, 1963 was the day that Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his â€Å"I have a dream† speech. According to Kennedy X.J., et al. in their book, The Brief Bedford Reader, Martin Luther King was an American Baptist minister who became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership ConferenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Imperialism In George Orwells Shooting An Elephant1633 Words   |  7 Pagesmental capabilities. They claim to â€Å"just wanna be average, never expecting to be more that just a brute in vocational education, because of the underwhelming and under-qualified teachers teaching classes that don’t benefit them. Rose’s purpose in this essay is to show the public the flaws of the vocational system in order to affect change in the public school system. His declaration is still apparent today in the failure in some aspects of the public school system and the lack of attention given to thoseRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesThe Evolution of Management Thought    31 managers recognizing the importance of workers and trying to make them happy; instead it emphasized designing jobs that would allow workers to satisfy higher-level needs and utilize more of their potential. Abraham Maslow was one of the early proponents of this school. Maslow’s needs theory is built upon the concept that humans have a hierarchy of needs, starting with the basic physical necessities of food, shelter, and clothing and ascending five steps to theRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagestime? 3. Would the students start protesting even more if the principal stopped the newspaper? 4. When the welfare of the school is threatened, does the principal have the right to give orders to students? 5. Does the principal have the freedom of speech to say no in this case? 6. If the principal stopped the newspaper, would he be preventing full discussion of important problems? 7. Would the principal’s stop order make Rami lose faith in him? 8. Is Rami really loyal to his school and patriotic to

Descriptive Essay - Paris free essay sample

The train station we arrived at was filled with the smell of exhaust and garbage. The loud vacuum noise annoyed me as the trains raced by blowing my hair in every direction. My heart was pounding because getting on the train was a struggle due to the large amount of people rushing to not miss it. My host family dozed off because they are used to the gorgeous scenery that surrounds them every day. Looking out my window, God lavished my eyes with colorful fields so perfectly grown and groomed that it seemed surreal. Not a single patch of land visible between Germany and France was without use for wine, hay, animals, or just pure beauty. Staring off into the distance, the luminous city of Paris snagged my curious, wandering eyes from the enticing view of the luscious fall-colored fields. Taking the subway was the most efficient way of traveling in Paris. We will write a custom essay sample on Descriptive Essay Paris or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Every subway route had people sitting or standing, packed in tightly like sardines. Thousands of people roam the streets with the city being so large; looking at a single map of it looks as if it could be its own country. The mall we visited reminded me of a museum. Each level had one main product that it focused on. The whole top floor displayed and sold shoes; that floor should have been labeled shoe-heaven. The entire bottom floor was flooded with cosmetic stands. Walking through the lines of colorful beauty products, contagious perfume odors drenched my clothes and skin. Escaping from the crazy energetic mall, I felt like I could breathe. At the same time, the air felt thick and had potent smells of European food, vehicle exhaust, cluttered garbage, and the stench of urine. Towering over the mall, the famous Eiffel tower caught my attention to its eye-catching magnificence. It reminded me of a large giraffe, gazing into the sunset over the vast land. Mematra was one of those vast places, filled with phenomenal artists who sketched portraits of people. My host parents insisted that one of these talented people draw me. The image looked so realistic that it was as if there was a mirror in front of me. Every line and detail was perfectly curved and shaped. Astonishment, awe and joy filled my heart immediately; I had never felt so honored. Around the corner was one of the best spots in Paris that overlooked the entire city. Looking back on every moment spent in Paris, the joy that was captured by the warm-hearted beauty of this city will always be remembered.

Richard Adams Writings Essays - British Films,

Richard Adams Writings Richard Adams was born in Newbury, England in May of 1920. He was the youngest of three children, a sister, Katherine, and a brother, John. (Richard had had another brother but he died at the age of three from influenza.) Richard was his father's favorite. George Adams (his dad), spent most of his time with young Richard teaching him about all the nature in the area. Richard grew up a few miles from the town of Newbury on a three acre piece of land with a house named "Oakdene." Richard's father was a doctor at the local hospital in Newbury and his mother, Lilian Rose Adams, was a nurse. Richard spent most of his childhood at home and out wandering around Newbury, enjoying its beauty. At about the age of 10, he was sent to the Horace Hill boarding school. After a few years, he was sent to another prep school, Bradfield, and at the age of 18, received a history scholarship to Oxford University. At the age of 21 he was enlisted in the British Army. Adams has produced a variety of different writings. Along with his numerous novels: Watership Down, Shardik, The Plague Dogs, The Girl in a Swing, Maia, and Traveller, Adams has also written books of short stories: The Iron Wolf and Other Stories, and The Unbroken Web. As well, he has done picture books in verse: The Tyger Voyage, and The Ship's Cat, and books on nature: Nature Through the Seasons, Nature Day and Night, and A Nature Diary. Adams' first novel, Watership Down, is about a group of rabbits who leave their home because of disaster, and go out in search of a new home. On the way, they encounter two other groups of rabbits. One group lives life with a constant knowledge that they are just food for the neighboring farmer, neglecting their own culture. The other group lives so as to never be found by man and to protect itself from predators. When, at last, a new home is found, the rabbits have to undertake a journey in order to find some females so that their colony will grow and prosper. Throughout the novel, Adams puts in various ideas and themes that are meant to make the reader think twice about their relationships with nature and themselves. This novel sets up the themes of freedom and survival, which are also found in two of his other novels, and the theme of the stupidity and cruelty of man to the earth and her creatures. The Plague Dogs, Adams' third novel, is about two dogs who escape from an animal research station and try to fend for themselves in the hills of England. Rowf, a large, black, strong mongrel who has a mean temper and who has a deathly fear of water due to the experiments performed on him. Snitter, a fox terrier who has fits and has the power to see the future because of the brain surgery performed on him in the research station. Together, they meet up with a tod (fox). The tod helps them survive while reporters follow the dogs and spread dangerous rumors of the plague, getting politics involved. The themes in this novel are similar to the ones in Watership Down: survival, freedom, and human cruelty, but added to this list is the theme of rights. In this case, the right of animals, but, in some of his other works the theme extends to those people who are less fortunate and are in awful situations. The Girl in a Swing, his fourth novel, talks about a young man, Alan Desland, who has devoted his life to the business of fine ceramics and who is completely swept off his feet by a young German woman, K?the. They get married, in Florida, after a very short courtship and return to England, where Alan returns to his business and K?the holds spellbound his friends, family, and even him, with her beauty and charm. Inside K?the, though, is a secret which Alan finds out about too late. The main theme in this novel is completely different from his other novels. Adams concentrates mostly on guilt - A guilt that K?the held inside her and eventually caused her destruction. He also explains how guilt affects those around the guilty. Adams' fifth novel, Maia, is a story about a young, beautiful girl who is thrown into slavery by her jealous mother. She makes friends with an exotic girl, Occula, who is sent on a mission from

Muslim bin al

Muslim bin al Hadith is a report of the maxims and acts of the prophet (Peace be upon him). Compilation of these reports began during the era of the prophet and continued after his death. Ahadith (plural of Hadith) are classified according to their authenticity, mode of transmission, and chain of narrators. Muslim bin-Hajjaj al-Nisaburi endeavored to collect Ahadith by establishing the authenticity of other reports (Siddiqui). He worked closely with other teachers of religion to develop an exceptional methodology of compiling AhadithAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Muslim bin al-Hajjaj al-Nisaburi and his Methodology of Compiling Hadith specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Imam Muslim was born in Nishpuri in the year 204 A.H and was brought up in a religiously minded family. That left an ineffaceable religious intuition on his mind. His parents prepared him to spend his life serving God and holding fast to righteousness. According to Siddiqui, the religious atmosphere at home helped Muslim to become a saint of high caliber. He says that Muslim acquired respect at a young age because he never indulged in backbiting, which is a common human weakness. In addition, Imam Muslim excelled because he had the opportunity to travel to different parts of the world. The main regions he visited are Arabia, Egypt, Syria, and Iraq. He attended classes of some of the famous Tradition lecturers such as Harmalah b. Yahya, Ishaq b. Rahwaih, Ahmad b. Hanbal, among others, whenever he visited the regions. After finishing his studies, he travelled back to Nishapur and began teaching Traditions. Nevertheless, he maintained an interest in researching (Quran Sunnah : Saheeh Sitta†). While in Nishapur, Muslim met with Imam Bukhari and was amazed by his exceptional comprehension of Ahadith and Tradition that he attached himself to him until he passed on ( Muhammad an Sunnah.). Imam Muslim was also a disciple of another prominent Ah adith teacher Muhammad b. Yahya al. Dhuhali. Their relationship, however, did not last for long. When Imam Muhammad and UIma Bukhari differed in the belief on the subject of creation of the Holy Qur’an and the discrepancy generated into antagonism, Imam Muslim ditched Muhammad b. Yahya but remained a true supporter of Imam Bukhari (Quran Sunnah : Saheeh Sitta†). After the death of Imam Bukhari, Imam Muslim resorted to compiling his Ahadith. He incorporated new insights into his mentor’s work and produced an exceptional Hadith. Some religious commentators say Imam Muslim produced highly authentic reports on the subject than most imams, including his teacher Imam Bukhari. He worked hard, collected and examined 300, 000 traditions, out of which he retained only four thousand (Muhammad an Sunnah). He, therefore, used authentic collections to produce books and treaties on his Ahadith. People still benefit from some of these collections to date. For example, â€Å"Ja mi’† of his â€Å"Sahih† still offers outstanding insight on religion (Quran Sunnah : Saheeh Sitta†). The distinctive quality has attracted immense interest on his methodology of compiling Hadith.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Imam Muslim observed several principles of the science of Hadith that Imam Bukhari, his mentor, ignored. Muslim classified his collection into three different groups: authentic (sahih), good (hasan), and weak (da’eef) information, just as Imam Bukhari. Nevertheless, he was unique because he did not incorporate both weak and good information in his final work (Siddiqui). Muslim made use of traditions that he found to be both genuine and authentic. He considered that accurate traditions must have been passed on to him by unbroken sequence of trustworthy authorities. They must have been in ideal agreement with what had been narrated by other trustworthy individuals. In addition, they must have been unanimously acknowledged to be without imperfection (Siddiqui). Moreover, Imam Muslim kept away from causing confusion when describing the sequence of narrators. He did not mention the â€Å"kunya† and in many cases avoided giving names of narrators. He applied this rule especially when dealing with Syria narrators (ShiÃÅ'„hÃÅ' £aÃÅ' 15). He also took extraordinary care to record the most accurate accounts by according the exact words of the narrators. He achieved this by pointing out even the least significant disparities in the wording of the narrators’ reports. Imam Muslim took considerable steps to connect the chain of narrators. This was helpful in eliminating confusion and recording factual encounters. He only recorded Ahadith that at least two trustworthy narrators had heard from at least two trustworthy companions. Subsequent chain of narrators has observed this principle (Siddiqui). Another key methodology was using simple language. He put a difference between the two main modes of narration: â€Å"haddathana â€Å"and â€Å"akhbarana.† These terms mean he narrated to us, and he informed us, respectively. He required the first mode to be used when the teacher is narrating the Hadith while the student is listening and the second when the student is reading before the teacher (Quran Sunnah : Saheeh Sitta†). He constantly indicated the different modes he used to collect all the traditions. Muslim bin al-Hajjaj al-Nisaburi’s early lifestyle and encounter with Imam Bukhari inspired him to compile his Ahadith with proper care. He also produced one of the best Ahadith because he was hardworking, creative, and observant. These traits helped Imam Muslim to develop better research methodologies than those of his mentor Imam Bakhari. Quran Sunnah : Saheeh Sitta. IslamiCity.com Islam The Global Muslim eCommunity . N.p., n.d . Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Muslim bin al-Hajjaj al-Nisaburi and his Methodology of Compiling Hadith specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More ShiÃÅ'„hÃÅ' £aÃÅ'„, KhaliÃÅ'„l MaÊmuÃÅ'„n. SÃÅ' £ahÃÅ' £iÃÅ'„hÃÅ' £ Muslim. al-TÃÅ' £abÊ »ah 1. ed. BayruÃÅ'„t, LubnaÃÅ'„n: DaÃÅ'„r al-MaÊ »rifah, 1994. Print. Siddiqui, Abdul Hamid . Imam Muslim. History of Scholars. N.p., n.d. Web. Muhammad an Sunnah. www.maaref-foundation.com. N.p., n.d. Web.

Discussion Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Discussion Questions - Coursework Example Queries could be used to locate information from a database. Also, they could be used to delete information from the database especially if there is redundancy or similarity of codes and information. Lastly, queries could be used to update databases and existing body of information in a database. This is to say that all the three functions would be used and done effectively within a short time using the codes or inquiry or the query (Gupta & Sarawagi, 2006). For instance, one would locate an employee through unique identification code from the many employees. Similarly, where and when the specific information has been located within the database, the related information would be highlighted and managed or deleted according to the requirement or specific need of the user. In the same line of thought and argument, once the relevant information has been picked or selected, there is the option of update, which could be done once a user enters a change in the database. In order to effectively and properly create a database form, it is imperative to note and mention that the user need to define and articulate a bound. A bound refers to the connection that expressly links the data source to the whole database such as through queries or tables. It is important to maintain the buttons of command and controls which are required to operate the whole application process. It is a good practice and standard to create a form using the form tool. Once a user locates it, it is critical that he or she finds the navigation pane which would encompass information and details that the user wishes to view and see at the final stage of output. It is common to create a split form which means that a user would wish to see from the navigation pane. This could easily be done and accomplished by clicking on the create tab then move to the forms therefore move to the next step of more forms and finally clicking on the split forms. A split form looks more appealing

The Concept of Cultural Diversity is Society Assignment

The Concept of Cultural Diversity is Society - Assignment Example As Jane Elliott's "Blue Eyes/Brown Eyes" experiment teaches, there are many criteria of distinction like racism and prejudice. Racism and Classism which are inextricably tied together are the two most common criteria of conceptualization of social class. David Wellman defines racism as a "system of advantage based on race." (Wellman1977). Color is the other main criterion that determines the social class and this may well be defined as the diction made between people on the basis of the color of their skin. The power of the money that one owns also determines the social class of the person and thus we have the rich and the poor. In modern society we see the rich becoming the richer and the poor the poorer. All these elements go into the making up of the social classes. A. Two of the basic distinctions that we find in the social class system are that of race and ethnicity. These are the two major kinds of class discriminations that we face in modern society, especially in the US. Racial group and ethnic group, often considered as the same, have many similarities as well as differences. Before we make the detailed distinction between the two, let it be remembered that any kind of distinction made on the basis of race and ethnicity is the most harmful situation in the world today. The "Blue Eyes/Brown Eyes" experiment of Jane Elliott teaches us how important it is to rise above the barriers of such distinctions made on the basis of race, color, ethnicity, and so on. Nobody is more privileged than others on the basis of the color of the skin, the ethnic group or the particular race or class one belongs to. Let us also remember the great voice of Martin Luther King who pleaded for the racial equality of all the people. "History is cluttered with the wre ckage of nations and individuals who pursued [the] self-defeating path of hate." (Sklar 1997). There are striking similarities between racism and ethnicity. A racial group is one that is distinguished from that of other groups on the basis of some well defined and salient features of its own. This type of classification is a general categorization on the basis of color and other types of distinction. On the other hand, when we speak about an ethnic group, we are particularly identifying the distinction based on the individual cultural aspect of that community or group. The members of an ethnic group identify themselves on the basis of their descent, ancestry, and lineage. They have a distinction on the basis of the culture, religion, language and other characteristics. Thus, in the racial discrimination of the Blacks from the Whites, we see the racial group formula working out. In the case of particular ethnic group existing on its own to sideline the other cultural, national, and racial groups we find the distinction based on the individual ethnicity. The impact of these diff erences whether it is racial or ethnic begins even at a very young age. The racial caste system is a way of life that subjugates one race of the community to another. Jim Crow was such a racial caste system and under this system, the Afro-Americans were treated as the second class citizens.  

A Comparison between Fyodor Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment and Vladimir Paral’s Essay Example for Free

A Comparison between Fyodor Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment and Vladimir Paral’s Essay Fyodor Dostoevsky’s classic, Crime and Punishment, and Vladimir Paral’s Lovers and Murderers describe a world of murder, dejection and profound human unhappiness. The two authors explore moral abjection and the destiny of mankind, as ruled by lust, jealousy and immoral instincts. As it shall be seen however, the two novels differ considerably in the way in which they treat the subject of crime, as well as in their point of view and the tone of the narrative. Thus, Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment is centered on the idea of moral ambiguity. The Russian author uses an omniscient point of view in order to recount Rodyon Raskolnikov’s experiences before and after he commits the murder. The tone of the narrative is serious and meditative, as questions of morality and justice are interspersed throughout the events and dialogues in the novel. Vladimir Paral’s Lovers and Murderers treats the theme of murder in conjunction with that of love. The narrative enters a world full of promiscuity and violence, focusing on a great number of characters and the interactions among them. Unlike Dostoevsky’s book that focuses on the portrait and experiences of the main character, Paral’s work is concerned with the plurality of voices. Moreover, the point of view shifts frequently from the omniscient narrator to the first person narrative, sometimes within the same phrase. Lovers and Murderers is a grotesque mosaic, with a discontinuous narrative and a satiric tone. While Dostoevsky’s work raises questions of morality and social justice, Paral’s novel represents the spectacle of human life with resignation. There is no ethical conclusion to Paral’s analysis of human life and character: he chooses to describe the dynamic of humanity in its bleakest and most ironic aspects. For Dostoevsky, human life is also full of coincidences and accidents. Although, the limit between right and wrong is relative, ultimately, the novel emphasizes the belief in punishment and redemption. In Paral’s novel, there is no clear delimitation between innocence and guilt: the characters are all fanatics, consumed by passions, jealousy and greedy cravings. Significantly, love and violence intermingle throughout the novel, marking the majority of the relationships among different characters. Paral shows therefore that human interaction is never completely innocent: people devour and are devoured sadistically by destructive relationships. Instead of ending in union and harmony, each affair ends in destruction and crime. In Crime and Punishment there is the possibility of salvation and the triumph of love. Lovers and Murderers shows murder to be the companion of love, with no possibility for moral cleansing. Both novels therefore analyze morality in the context of the dynamics of society, emphasizing the interactions among different characters but with different conclusions. Sin and morality are seen as paradoxes in Dostoevsky’s work, but, ultimately sins can be redeemed after having been committed. Paral’s novel illuminates the tableau of human relationships and the relativity of moral principles very differently: all the characters are fallen men and women, who abuse or are abused by others. Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment is concerned primarily with moral paradoxes, exemplified through the stories of various characters. The central story, that of Raskolnikov, is paradoxical. The protagonist is an extremely poor student, who struggles with his enormous debts to his landlady and with constant hunger and misery. A proud and noble character, Raskolnikov is tormented by his unjust and humiliating social standing. Despite his intelligence, he lives poorly and is constantly besieged by material concerns. As the novel opens, Raskolnikov has already developed the philosophy that would lead him to murder: he muses that there are superior men who should be able to punish others for their sins. Interestingly therefore, the murder is intended as a punishment of the mean pawnbroker, in the name of social justice. The first part of the novel captures Raskolnikov’s inner tension as he struggles to discern right from wrong. There follows the critical moment of the actual, double murder and afterwards his punishment and final redemption. The cyclical nature of his experience is symbolic: Dostoevsky points here to the paradoxes of morality. Raskolnikov’s act of murder is in itself meant as a punishment and may seem right in its context. To enhance the ambiguity however, Dostoevsky arranges for a double murder: the circumstances force the protagonist to kill Lizaveta as well, the pawnbroker’s innocent sister. The novel offers yet other instances of moral ambiguity, such as the saintly and innocent Sonia who is forced to become a prostitute in order to earn money and save her hungered family: â€Å"And then I saw, young man, I saw Katerina Ivanovna, in the same silence go up to Sonia’s little bed; she was on her knees all the evening kissing Sonia’s feet, and would not get up, and then they both fell asleep in each other’s arms †¦ together, together†¦ yes †¦ and I †¦ lay drunk† (Dostoevsky 30). Her mother in law, who had previously maltreated her, is now grateful and reverent towards the girl. Sacrifice and generosity are therefore accepted and appreciated in the novel. Her father, Marmeladov, is another example of moral equivocalness: a hopeless drunk, he is a good man who loves his family yet cannot conquer his own vice in order to save them. Marmeladov’s employer also acts generously, although he does so in vain: he offers him his job back, despite his dependence on alcohol, out of pity for his family. Throughout the novel, morality is questioned, but there is sufficient evidence of the existence of good alongside with evil. The ambiguity that Crime and Punishment describes is one of form rather than substance. In Paral’s Lovers and Murderers morality is permanently mixed with sin. Women and men, coming from the dregs of society as well as from its highest ranks, live in utter disorder and promiscuity. Innocence and guilt are neither relative nor circumstantial. Significantly, the book is divided in numerous fragments bearing two alternative titles: â€Å"Conquerors† and â€Å"Besieged†. In Paral’s vision, the world is not divided in right and wrong, but rather in abusers and abused. These basic roles are moreover easily interchangeable. The relationships seemed to be weighed on a scale, which always tips in favor of one of the partners. The relationship between Alex Serafin and Dasa is a relevant example: Alex conquers and even enslaves the rich woman but he is eventually rejected by the same woman that seemed totally dependent on him. The world of the inhabitants of building 2000 is devoid of moral principles and reasoning. The men and women are driven only by impulses of self-gratification. Their affairs are violent and each partner, either abused or abusive, derives selfish pleasure from the communion. Love is rapacious, lustful and possessive: â€Å"Love is prey and everyone longs for his own destruction – let’s not want them to expose the necks themselves†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Paral 187). If Raskolnikov’s world is marked by sin and punishment, Paral’s characters pursue their own pleasure and interests without having to pay for their deeds. Raskolnikov murders the two women in his pursuit of justice, without deriving any personal gain from the deed, despite having found a considerable fortune in the ladies’ flat. In Paral’s novel, murder is only perpetrated as a crime of passion. In the case of Borek and Zita, murder is even gratuitous. The comparison between their story and that of Julien Sorel and Madame de Renal in Stendhal’s Red and Black, is extremely significant. While in Stendhal’s morality is extensively explored, Borek and Zita’s affair is devoid of any compunctions of guilt despite the fact that Zita is a married woman. The line between love and murder is very thin: one of the partners is always the hunter who chases his victim. The moment when Borek finally conquers Zita and possesses her body is very relevant. The man feels that, instead of loving thoughts he develops murderous ones, without being able to discern between the two categories anymore: â€Å"I realized I was standing there like a murderer, insane because as a murderer I could not act otherwise, even though I had come as a lover, like a murderer or a lover, insane because I no longer saw any difference† (Paral 188). If Crime and Punishment discusses moral ambiguity, Lovers and Murderers comments on the ambiguity of love and murder. Sexuality is always mixed with sadism and violence in Paral’s novel, so as to emphasize the fact that love is in fact abusive and possessive rather than disciplined and saintly. Marriage itself is a failure in the novel. An early scene in the novel points to the ultimate moral degradation of the characters. Thus, the poor working woman Madda pays a visit to Frank in his rich and sumptuous apartment. When he asks her to put on a wedding dress as part of the ritual of lovemaking, the woman muses on her previous sexual degradation: â€Å"†¦and you don’t have to apologize for madman anything, my earlier lovers wouldn’t even take my clothes off, or even their own, a white wedding dress to church; I’ve made love with the dirty strap of contemptible overalls between our bodies† (Paral 32). Ironically however, her romantic hopes are bitterly deceived by her heartless partner. Instead of offering the wedding dress as a symbol for love and purity, he uses it as part of a humiliating trick: when Madda is dressed and kneeling before him, Frank’s wife enters the room and it becomes clear that the woman was only used as amusement by the rich couple. In Paral’s world the beautiful dreams disintegrate very fast. Lovers and Murderers shows that moral choices and principles have to be settled among people and thus no intention or action is definitely pure. Raskolnikov acts in the name of a higher principles, which he sees as commanding: â€Å"I didn’t kill a human being, but a principle! I killed the principle, but I didn’t overstep, I stopped on this side†¦. I was only capable of killing† (Dostoevsky 389). Raving with a guilty conscience, Raskolnikov tries to convince himself of the moral justifications of his deed. He didn’t kill another human being, his violence was directed solely against an erroneous principle. Besides Raskolnikov, the novel abounds in generous characters. For instance, Dounia, Raskolnikov’s sister is willing to sacrifice her own happiness in a marriage she does not desire, in order to help her family. When the same Dounia is accused of trying to attract her employer and make him commit adultery, she escapes by her own generosity and nobility. Moreover, it is the employer’s wife that actually mends the girl’s reputation after having marred it, by showing the proof of her innocence to the world. There is no redemption and generosity in Paral’s novel. The characters act upon their personal interests, without considering each others’ feelings. The life that the characters lead is the life of a jungle, where there are no rules other than personal survival and gratification: â€Å"They live only for the fulfillment of their eternal appetites: like animals running free in a jungle. For pleasure alone: like the courtiers of Louis XV† (Paral 164). People are not concerned with judgments of value and with ethical principles. Paral introduces his readers to the psychological jungle of humanity, where people follow only their instincts. In Crime and Punishment, on the other hand, Dostoevsky explores sin and crime from a religious and ethical perspective. As critic Alfred Bem notes, Dostoevsky proceeds from the idea of a feeling of the original sin present in all minds: â€Å"To understand Dostoevskys thought one must allow for the presence in the human psyche of a feeling of sinfulness as such, independent of the existence of any concrete crimewhat we might call the feeling of original sin. We can assume, then, that the feeling of sin, of guilt can be present in the psyche unaccompanied by any consciousness of crime† (Bem 59). Hence comes the moral ambiguity of the characters: however saintly in their morality and character, they can succumb to sin because the seed is already planted in the human psyche. Paral’s world is also dominated by sinfulness, but, in this case, the characters lose their nobility. They are all fallen, abject people, who live by their instincts rather than by principles. Moreover, Raskolnikov performs an experiment more than an actual murder. He wants to apply his philosophical theory to reality and see its effects. Dostoevsky captures here the essence of humanity and its inherent rejection of murder. Ultimately, Raskolnikov is unable to commit his crime in complete cold bloodedness, despite the solidness of his arguments and theory: â€Å"Perhaps no work of literature presents so graphically a man testing and living, psychologically and even physiologically, a theory. Raskolnikovs theory, it will be remembered, is that crime is accompanied by sickness, by a loss of willpower and self-control, unless it is committed for sufficient reason by an ‘extraordinary man,’ in which case it is ‘no crime. ’† (Shaw 142). It is not so with Paral’s murderers: they virtually live in a jungle, where, besides instincts and passions, there is only pathos without real substance. The point of view and the tone chosen by the two authors are also relevant. Raskolnikov’s story is told objectively, from an omniscient perspective. This narrative technique does not obscure the character’s inner turmoil, however. Dostoevsky pairs his omniscience with indirect speech, a device which helps to reveal the hero’s thoughts and emotions. Raskolnikov often speaks to himself and, in this way, Dostoevsky gives us access to his unmediated reflections. For instance, he muses on his motivation for committing the murder, wavering between the feeling of guilty and the excuse he finds for his behavior: â€Å"I am putting my little brick into the happiness of all and so my heart is at peace. Ha-ha! Why have you let me slip? I only live once, I too want†¦. Ech, I am an ? sthetic louse and nothing more,’ he added suddenly, laughing like a† (Dostoevsky 389). Raskolnikov is indeed a criminal and an aesthete at the same time. While his crime is horrendous, his purpose gives it meaning to a certain extent. As Julian Connolly remarks, the way in which Dostoevsky decided to use the point of view in the novel is very significant: â€Å"Dostoyevsky had originally intended to write an account of murder from the perspective of the murderer himself. As he worked on the project in November 1865, however, he concluded that such a perspective might be too limited, so he chose an omniscient, third-person narrative mode instead. Yet traces of the original design remain: much of the novel offers direct insight into Raskolnikovs impressions and experiences. † (Connolly 144). Thus, the author’s decision to mingle omniscience and first person narrative shows that he was preoccupied to investigate the moral dimension of his characters as well as the psychological one. His technique ultimately merges psychology with philosophy. In Paral’s case, the frequent shifts of viewpoint, allow for a curious exploration of the stories from the inside and outside simultaneously. Moreover, Paral’s story is told fragmentarily, with an alternation of voices and points of view. The narrative shifts from the author to an interior monologue of one of the characters without warning, in the course of the same phrase. This provides readers with marks as to actual events and also to the thoughts of the characters at the same time. The novel features a great number of different narrative voices, as each of the characters introduced is also given a monologue. This technique enhances the novel’s mosaic structure and its grotesqueness. The characters’ interior monologues moreover show them to be egoistical and impulsive. Most of their speeches are delirious and self-centered. The tones of the two works also differ and influence the reader’s perception of the stories. Dostoevsky’s tone is serious and restrained, focusing on the events, the psychology of the main character and the numerous implications of the experiences described. Paral, on the other hand, uses irony, black humor and pathos is order to describe the events in his book. Lovers and Murderers is therefore written as a black comedy, transmitting the author purpose of satirizing humanity in its pettiness and abjection. The two novels deal with the common themes of murder and punishment, but do so in very different ways. Crime and Punishment investigates ethical, religious and psychological consequences of a crime, with an emphasis of humans’ liability to sin and moral ambiguity in the context of a society. Lovers and Murderers, on the other hand, emphasizes the human world as a grotesque spectacle, driven by the uncontrolled instincts and petty interests of men. Dostoevsky’s work analyzes and questions, while Paral’s observes and mocks. Works Cited: Alfred L. Bem, â€Å"Guilt in Crime and Punishment. † Readings on Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Ed. Tamara Johnson. Trans. Robert Louis Jackson. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1998. 58 64. Connolly, Julian. â€Å"An Overview of ‘Crime and Punishment’. † Exploring Novels. Gale, 1998. Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. New York: Vintage Classics, 2008. Paral, Vladimir. Lovers and Murderers. Trans. Craig Stephen Stevens. New York: Catbird Press, 2002. Shaw, J. Thomas. â€Å"Raskolnikovs Dreams. † Slavic and East European Journal 17, no. 2 (1973): 131-45.

FRED STENSON’S - TEETH - :: English Literature

FRED STENSON’S - TEETH - Teeth, by Fred Stenson, is an interesting short story, with a plot spread between two hockey games and the childhood memories of the main character. The story is written in first person, through the eyes of a hockey player – the main character - and the setting is in western Canada, mainly around Canadian hockey rinks and the main character’s hometown. The story presents a player, who plays hockey for money rather than for pleasure. The author of this story tries to provoke the readers, by writing through the eyes of this player, who does not love the game he plays. The idea that a hockey player – a professional Canadian hockey player – would dislike the game of hockey and still play, is what shocks, confuses and keeps the reader interested in the story. This unusual characterization of a hockey player is also important to the development of plot. Finally, this story gives people advice about how to live and enjoy life more effectively. The story begins during one of Burns’s – the main character - hockey games, on a Tuesday night, not long after Christmas. The players in his team are quite fatigued and near the end of a game. They are supposed to change lines onto the ice, but Burns is lost in a daydream about his youth and the line change goes too slowly. For some seconds there is no one on the ice except the goalie and the six members of other team. The other team scores a goal before the line change is completed and Burn’s team goes on to lose the game 5-3 (93). The reader must conclude that the loss of the game is partly the fault of the main character. This conclusion comes from the fact that he is daydreaming about his childhood, and memories of being made to play hockey by his parents. It is at this point in the story that the reader learns of Burn’s dislike for the game of hockey, and through these daydreams that the reader discovers the main character’s motivation to play the game is the money he is being paid. After the game, in the dressing room, the manager is angry and threatens to send some of the players down to the minor leagues. When the main character hears this, his reaction is not what the reader would expect of a hockey player who loves to play the game. Instead, Burns continues to daydream and shows a lack of respect for his teammates and the manager. The manager mainly blames Burns for the team’s loss, because he did not put out, and his lack of enthusiasm infects the

The world’s industrial fisheries

The world’s industrial fisheries can be considered predatory, as they hunt fish and other marine life on the behalf of flesh-eating humans. Therefore, these fisheries can be considered as competitors of the natural predators that exist among marine wildlife, and the activities they perform adversely affect the population by reducing the number of fish available as prey. Industrial fisheries’ role as predator has been the cause of a major decline in the number of kittiwakes that exist in the North Sea (Frederiksen, 2004).Since the beginning of the 1990’s the population of these pelagic birds has declined by over 50%, and the black legged creatures (known scientifically as Rissa tridactyla) are thought to have succumbed as a result of a reduction in their food supply caused by an interruption of the food chain (2007). Another factor that has been instrumental in affecting the population of these black-legged kittiwakes in the North Sea has been the change in oceano graphic variables. Such factors as sea levels and temperature in the North Sea have been monitored, and their changes have been shown to correlate with the general changes in the kittiwake population (2004; Wanless, et al., 2007). Specific research done over a 15-year period from 1986 to 2002 has confirmed that not only has significant increase in industrial fishing of kittiwakes’ prey taken place, but also that significant oceanographic changes also occurred alongside these demographic changes.Kittiwakes and other pelagic birds demonstrate the existence of complex relationships between their feeding levels and their ability to produce offspring (Ollason et al., 1997). The most common form of prey for the black-legged kittiwakes is the sandeel, and it has been shown that during the most active period of sandeel (also known as sandlance) fishery (between 1991 and 1998) the survival of the adult population of kittiwakes showed a sharp and sustained decline (Frederiksen, 2004; W anless, 2007).The harvesting of sandeel has affected the population of kittiwakes in other ways, as the breeding of the species also declined for subsequent generations. Since the longitudinal monitoring of the black-legged kittiwake population has spanned several years before and after this sandeel-harvest period, research has been able to demonstrate that the kittiwake population was actually on the rise before industrial fishing of sandeel (Ammodytes marinus) began. The change registered a 19% fall in the growth rate of the population, from +8% to -11% in just eight years (2004).However, sandeel fishery has had more than just an immediate effect on the population of the kittiwakes. In recent years, this form of industrial fishing has experienced a decline that has proven favorable for the population of black-legged kittiwakes in the North Sea. Nevertheless, the current decline in industrial fishing of sandeel has failed to improve the situation for the kittiwake to a significant degree, as the population continues to fall.Even the newly elevated breeding rates have still proven insufficient to bring the population growth back up to what it was before it was adversely affected by industrial fishery (Frederiksen, 2004). In statistical models developed by researchers, the population decline promises to continue even if sandeel harvesting is low (2004). In order for the kittiwakes to flourish, such industrial fishing would need to cease altogether for an extended period of several years.More recently, it has been demonstrated through research that the sandeel that do survive have also been undergoing changes that may reduce their quality and nutritional usefulness to the kittiwake population (Wanless, 2007). This is particularly important, as kittiwakes tend to go through an extensive and technical, yet very critical feeding stage prior to breeding (Ollason et al., 1997). Analysis of the body composition of these sandeel has rendered low levels of lipids.The sa ndeel have also been appearing significantly later in the season than usual, and their body sizes have shown significant decline in the past three years (2007). While it is not clear to what extent these changes may be attributed to industrial fishing, it might be hypothesized that pollution may have a bearing on these variables. Oceanographic factors may also come into play in this area.The global warming changes to climate have affected oceanographic factors, and these effects have also resulted in a decline in the kittiwake population of the North Sea (Frederiksen, 2004; Wanless, 2007). The correlation between the survival of adult kittiwakes and the increased temperature of the winter seas has been negative. In fact, the success of kittiwake breeding has been recorded as showing a one-year delay (2004). The fact that the decline in industrial fishing of sandeel has been only minimally successful in causing the recovery of the kittiwake population indicates that the increased win ter sea temperatures have taken a heavy toll on these pelagic birds.The association of the decline in kittiwakes with warm winter sea temperatures and increased industrial fishery has led to some difficult choices for humans. Since it is unlikely that global warming can be reversed quickly or easily enough to decrease winter ocean temperatures and improve the condition of black-legged kittiwakes, changes to industrial fishery is the most feasible solution. These changes will have to be drastic in order to garner any improvement in the kittiwake populations, considering that the damage to the population and its breeding processes have proven to be extensive.Therefore, the complete closure (for now) of the section of the fishery industry that harvests sandeel has been considered the only measure that will lead to the recovery of the kittiwake population (Frederiksen, 2004; Wanless, 2007). It might also be considered that reduction in marine pollution is likely to lead to the improveme nt of the condition of the sandeel, which may in turn aid the growth of the kittiwake population by providing them greater nutrition. Therefore, decreasing its use of pollutants is another way in which the fishing industry may help the recovery of the black-legged kittiwake population in the North Sea.ReferencesFrederiksen, M. S. Wanless,  M. P. Harris,  P. Rothery,  L. J. Wilson. (2004). â€Å"The role of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   industrial fisheries and oceanographic change in the decline of North Sea black-legged   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   black-legged kittiwakes.† Journal of Applied Ecology, 41(6): 1129-1139.Ollason, J. G., A. D. Bryant, P. M. Davis, B. E. Scott & M. L. Tasker. (1997). â€Å"Predicted seabird   Ã‚   distribution in the North Sea: the consequences of being hungry.† Journal of Marine   Ã‚  Ã‚   Science. 54(4): 507-517.Wanless, S., M. Frederiksen, F. Daunt, B. E. Scott & M. P. Harris. (2007). â€Å"Black-legged   Ã‚   kittiwakes as indicators of environmental change in the North Sea: evidence from longterm studies.† Progress in Oceanography, 71 (1). 30-38.

The Concept of Trust, Social Preferences and Fairness in Corporate Finance - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2702 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? This essay examines the concept of trust, social preferences and fairness in corporate finance and then explores and discusses their respective importance in the financial markets. Ernest Hemingway famously quoted that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the best way to find out if you can trust somebody is to trust them.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The role of trust has become paramount in financial markets due to their increasing complexity, and especially because of the escalating use of electronic communication within them, which has made exchanges more estranged and depersonalised. The concept of trust has often been credited for providing significant insights into the transactions and conduct that are found in financial markets. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Concept of Trust, Social Preferences and Fairness in Corporate Finance" essay for you Create order It is however important to first understand the meaning of the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"trustà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, in order to carry out a meaningful analysis of its salience in these markets. The dictionary definition of the word is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a firm belief in the reliability, truth, or ability of someone or somethingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a reasonable belief that people will tell the truth, and keep their promisesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. A particularly relevant definition of trust is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"faith or confidence in the loyalty, strength and veracity of a person or thing, without examinationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This definition demonstrates the connection between trust and confidence and is therefore significant, since more often than not; collapses in confidence in financial markets are largely attributed to breakdowns in trust (Tomasic and Akinbami, 2011). Another relevant concept of trust that is pertinent is the definition which was later examined experimentally in the trust game experiment, by Bacharach and Gambetta (2001) and Ermish and Gambetta (2006). The financial system being a series of interlocking markets requires trust within them and between firms and consumers to operate effectively and efficiently. Trust instils a feeling of belief that the relationship with the corporation will be predictable, reliable, and consistent in meeting the necessary needs and requirements (CoveyLink Worldwide, 2006). It is crucial to the health of the economy and the financial landscape because it provides investors with a fairly easy and inexpensive way to make decisions. Banking and finance scholars, such as Gray and Hamilton have asserted that emotions such as trust and confidence have significant influences on decision making, because evaluating the vast array of information and risks associated with complex and uncertain financial services products is difficult for consumers. Thereby, in reality, investors and consumers use trust as some sort of a heuristic, relying on it to fill information gaps. It is therefore imperative that due attention be paid upon it to help investors to continue investing in financial products and services, and securities. Guiso and Sapienza et al. (2008) explicitly addressed everyday investment activity in terms of trust in the stock market by saying à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The decision to invest in stocks requires not only an assessment of the risk-return trade off given the existing data, but also an act of faith (trust) that the data in our possession is reliable and the overall system is fair.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Trust therefore is important not only in commercial relationships, but is relevant in both retail financial and wholesale markets. Quigley (2007) emphasized the critical role of trust, stating, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Without trust and confidence, markets do not function and value is destroyedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . It has been observed in the past that key components of financial markets such as transparency, investor confidence, liquidity and uncertainty, are largely based and dependent on trust and when financial institutions engage in trust abuse, these very components are severely eroded. This was particularly highlighted during the global financial crisis wherein when confidence (trust) declined, the abovementioned important foundations receded, thereby eventually weakening the financial market. The collapse of Northern Rock in 2007 serves as a stark illustration of why trust is instrumental and how its disappearance can have a detrimental effect on financial markets. Furthermore, breakdowns of trust between the members of a firm, and between a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s relationships with other firms through self-dealing and abuse can have a damaging impact as strongly illustrated by the infamous collapse of Lehman Brothers in 2008 and in Goldman Sachsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ role in the ABACUS scandal in 2007. Stakeholders such as shareholders, creditors and employees trust the senior m anagement of the firm to run it in their best long term interest; the drawback however of strong relations of trust is the high dependency of one party on another that it entails. The use of creative accounting represents an impact of the abuse of this trust, most noticeably demonstrated by the managers of Enron that ultimately contributed to its downfall. Such esoteric accounting treatments conceal short-comings in corporate performance and could be used to fundamentally mislead the market, and raise doubts about the reliability of financial report. Moreover, the so called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Agency problemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ highlights the need and importance of trust between the internal members of a firm, as exhibited in the case of Lehman Brothers wherein the management failed the trust placed on them by their shareholders, thereby leading to its inevitable collapse. For financial markets to operate smoothly, trust between consumers and their agents, between consumers and intermed iaries, and between consumers and the market are undoubtedly required (Social market foundation, 2011). Trust, through the assumption that others will behave similarly according to common norms of economic conduct, instils a belief in a person that their counterpart in a transaction will not take advantage of them and this is an important aspect in the wider social context in which financial organisations operate. It is thus a necessity amongst the diverse professionals and organisations that constitute the market, and promotes economic efficiency in instrumental terms and reduces the transaction costs of economic exchange. Although trust is normally ignored in standard economic models, the existence of trust amongst those who operate within financial markets and the financial markets as a whole, is of prime importance. It is presumably ignored in the standard models due to the supposition that external law and order parties can effectively protect the interests of contracting parti es from fraud and abuses of trust. Companies that inculcate values such as integrity, trust and transparency outperform other firms by a wide margin in terms of growth in stock price and profitability (Kouzes and Posner, 2002). Moreover, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"transparency paysà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, as declared by Robert Eccles (2001). Divulging essential information has proven invaluable to companies as it lowers the cost of capital and poses less risk for investors. They are perceived by the public to be more honest as providing accurate information helps the investors in making informed decisions. Deliberately withholding information that is a requisite to making these decisions can create a sense of mistrust and thereby seriously damage a corporations potential to improve business performance within the financial markets. High profile debacles of financial shenanigans, such as Enron and Tyco demonstrated the negative effects of complex business structures and dispensing fallacious finan cial information. The integrity of markets therefore largely depends on market participants being honest and open with each other. According to Tonkiss (2009), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Trust leads a double life as both a social value and an economic resource; as such, it is a critical concept for linking social arrangements with economic outcomes.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The conservative view of contractarianism states that corporations are a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"web of implicit and explicit contracts,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ with established rights and obligations amongst the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s many stakeholders which includes investors, creditors and the management. Participants upholding this view generally disregard values such as trust, ethics and fiduciary duties. On the other hand, progressive scholars state that trust is predominantly important within firms and the stakeholders do not necessarily behave in a strictly individualistic and selfish manner, as is often implied by other economic models . Additionally, they believe that economic relationships are also social relationships that look beyond just the pursuit of self-interest and in fact, require a certain degree of trust to flourish in the first place. This arguably applies to the associations between different entities in the financial markets and raises doubts as to whether financial markets are merely contract-based markets or if they have a social character, and whether some financial market participants should have à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"other-regardingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ duties such as fiduciary duties imposed upon them. The traditional description of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"homo economicusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, as the perpetual pursuit of self-interest may not strictly apply in financial markets because the trustees could anticipate additional and institutional benefits from behaving a certain way or making a particular business decision. By expecting the other party to act correspondingly and by upholding the interests of others, they may derive benefit from their seemingly altruistic behaviour. This brings us to the importance of social preferences or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"other-regardingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ duties in financial markets. Social preferences or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"other-regardingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ duties are a type of preference including trust, fairness, reciprocity and empathy, and are studied in behavioural and experimental economics and social psychology, through economics experiments. Folk wisdom in behavioural economics depicts that in competitive markets, social preferences are of no importance. The standard neoclassical model is built on the assumption that all economic agents are only interested in their own material well-being. Many experiments, starting with Smith (1962, 1964) and later confirmed by Fehr and Schmidt (1999) and Dufwenberg et al. (2008) have shown that the standard neoclassical model holds true and that due to the presence of competition, all market participants behave as if the y are purely self-interested. These authors maintain that even though the standard model is unfair and distributes almost the entire surplus to one side of the market, the classic model predicts market outcomes quite well. Dufwenberg et al. (2008) through a general equilibrium model that allowed for a large class of social preferences identified necessary and sufficient conditions on preferences, which they termed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“separabilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , which further strengthened their belief in the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“classicalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  theory; participants with social preferences behave as if they were purely self-interested. However, in contrast, there is also a large body of mounting experimental and field evidence showing that many people are not purely self-interested and that their behaviour is affected by caring about the well-being of others (Ledyard 1995, Fehr and GÃÆ' ¤chter 2000, Karlan 2005, Egas and Riedl 2008, Falk and Heckman 2009). Such social (aka othe r-regarding) preferences constitute a profound deviation from the standard neoclassical homo economicus assumption and also show that people are heterogeneous; some care a lot about other peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s payoffs while others care very little. The findings by these authors imply that people have been found to promote fairness and care about the welfare of other people by willing to sacrifice their own resources. This behaviour has been termed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“social preferencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“other-regarding preferencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in the behavioural literature. It has through experiments shown that many people do not only care about their own material well-being, but are also concerned about the payoffs of other people they interact with. Despite the cited evidence, the standard neoclassical assumption is still prevalent in the finance literature. Guth el al. (1982) introduced the first and probably most famous experiment on social preferences, term ed as the ultimatum game. Many other experiments ensued in which observed behaviours were inconsistent with the self-interest assumption. For example, in public good games many people deviate from the dominant strategy of free-riding and voluntary contribute to the public good (Ledyard 1995). Furthermore, if given the opportunity, they are willing to punish non-contributors even if this is costly to themselves (Fehr and GÃÆ' ¤chter, 2000). In gift exchange games subjects in the role of workers provide higher effort than contractually enforceable if their employers offer generous wages (Fehr et al. 1993). Thus, experimental evidence does suggest that many subjects are willing to give up some resources to help others. While many subjects in such experiments are willing to spend resources to achieve a fair allocation or to reciprocate kind or unkind behaviour, there are also many subjects who behave very selfishly. To understand the outcomes of these experiments it is necessary to a cknowledge the heterogeneity of social preferences and to study the interaction of fair-minded and self-interested subjects (Fehr and Schmidt 1999, Fehr, Klein and Schmidt 2007). Furthermore, experimental studies such as Brown et al. (2004,2008) showed that the role of social preferences is magnified when parties interact repeatedly and form relational contracts or if they interact once but can acquire a reputation for fair or trustworthy behaviour (Bartling et al. 2009). These findings cannot be explained by the standard neoclassical model but they are consistent with the models of social preferences discussed above. Social preferences are important because they can be used as an alternative to performance based incentive schemes and in fact, they are consistent with many of the frequently observed anomalies in financial markets. They give rise to externalities that will not be internalized if each agent chooses a consumption bundle that maximizes their internal utility. A fe w papers have also shown that socially responsible investments may sometimes perform financially better or not worse than conventional investments (Derwall et al. 2005; Kempf and Osthoff, 2007; Edmans, 2011). Social preferences might be important in many other strategic situations as well and therefore the results of such experiments have broad implications for economists and non-economists alike. They may give rise to herding, multiple equilibria and to booms and busts on asset markets. Herding is an optimal strategy if investors have social preferences and gives rise to multiple asset market equilibria. Even if all market participants behave optimally and have rational expectations, these effects can be used to elucidate time varying risk premia, stock market bubbles and crashes Gebhardt (2002, 2004). Despite these advances and the topicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s importance, it is fair to say that little is known about whether, and to what extent, social preferences influence economic ou tcomes in financial markets. A standard argument against the importance of social preferences in finance and economics is that they are driven out in the market place (Levitt and List 2007, List 2009). The regulation of financial markets is however is shaped not only by considerations such as beyond trust, efficiency or self-interest; they also include concern for ethics and fairness (Shefrin and Statman, 1993). The view that fairness concerns and adequate punishment of unfair behaviour are an expression of preferences has been proved to be consistent by Neuro-scientific studies. Fairness is an equally important consideration in financial markets, particularly signified by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in which the words à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"fairà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"unfairà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"fairnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ were mentioned a hundred and thirty times. The dictionary meaning of fairness is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the stat e, condition, or quality of being fair, or free form bias or injustice. Although the words à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fairà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fairnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  can mean a variety of different things in different contexts, there are two common themes in most discussions of fairness. The first being procedural fairness i.e. equal rules apply to all participants while the second one is distributive fairness; it examines the outputs rather than the inputs and is concerned with the equality of outcomes. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"inequality of endowmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ has always been an integral problem in financial markets since some investors start with more resources and investments than others, and therefore generate a competitive advantage from the very beginning. Procedural fairness thus can be viewed from the perspective of equal opportunities for all, wherein all market participants are treated alike. Important analysis however has shown that distributive fairness has a la rger influence on consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ evaluations of overall fairness, being over four times as important as any other element of fairness (The Financial Services Research Forum, 2012). Shefrin and Statman (1999) identified seven dimensions of fairness in financial markets and viewed fairness as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“claim to entitlementsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The various dimensions namely being: Freedom from coercion. Freedom from misrepresentation. Equal information. Equal processing power Freedom from impulse. Efficient prices Equal bargaining power References: Adler, P. S. 2001. Market, hierarchy, and trust: the knowledge economy and the future of capitalism.Organization science, 12 (2), pp. 215234. Corsetti, G., Devereux, M. P., Guiso, L., Hassler, J., Saint-Paul, G., Sinn, H., Sturm, J. and Vives, X. 2010. A trust-driven financial crisis.EEAG Report on the European Economy, pp. 5370. Duggar, J. W. 2009. The role of integrity in individual and effective corporate leadership.Journal of Academic Business Ethics, 3. Mayer, C. 2008. Trust in financial markets.European Financial Management, 14 (4), pp. 617632. Mcclure, B. 2014.The Importance Of Corporate Transparency. [online] Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/articles/fundamental/03/121703.asp [Accessed: 6 Mar 2014]. Shefrin, H. and Statman, M. 1993. Ethics, fairness and efficiency in financial markets.Financial Analysts Journal, pp. 2129. Tomasic, R. and Akinbami, F. 2011. The role of trust in maintaining the resilience of financial markets.Journal of Corporate Law Studies, 11 (2). Tonkiss, F. 2009. Trust, confidence and economic crisis.Intereconomics, 44 (4), pp. 196202.